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How Did The Universe Start?
It is the starting point for all of the other Great Mysteries, making it possibly the most important of the Great Mysteries. The most fundamental question facing humanity is, “How did life begin?” What exactly is the conscious state? What is dark matter, dark energy, and gravity? — originate from it.
Author Ann Druyan, who is also the widow of scientist Carl Sagan, was once quoted as saying that “all other riddles lie downstream of this issue.” “It is important to me because I am a human being who despises the feeling of being in the dark.”
Even while the ideas that are being developed in an attempt to explain this riddle are becoming more complicated, scientists are still troubled by the prospect that some of the most essential links in their chain of reasoning could be incorrect.
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The Fundamental Mysteries
The conventional version of the Big Bang hypothesis postulates that the universe came into being during a period of inflation that started approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Within a microsecond’s worth of time, it ballooned from a size smaller than an electron to nearly its current size. This expansion was similar to that of a quickly expanding balloon.
At the beginning, the only thing that could be found anywhere in the universe was energy. A portion of this energy began to condense into particles, which then began to arrange themselves into light atoms such as hydrogen and helium. These atoms eventually clumped together to form galaxies, and then stars, the blazing furnaces within which all of the other elements were formed.
This is the depiction of how the beginning of our universe is described by scientists, and it is the one that is commonly accepted. It is a powerful model that explains many of the things that scientists see when they look up at the sky, such as the remarkable smoothness of space-time on large scales and the even distribution of galaxies on opposite sides of the universe. Some of the other things that are explained by this model are as follows:
However, there are aspects of this scenario that cause discomfort for a number of experts. To begin, the theory that the cosmos went through a period of fast inflation early on in its history cannot be directly proven, and it is predicated on the presence of a mysterious kind of energy at the beginning of the universe that has since vanished.
According to Eric Agol, an astrophysicist at the University of Washington, “Inflation is an extraordinarily powerful hypothesis, and yet we still have no understanding what caused inflation or whether it is even the correct explanation, yet it works extremely well.”
Inflation is seen by some researchers as a cumbersome addition to the Big Bang model, yet one that must be included so that the theory may be made consistent with data. There would be other additions after this one.
According to Paul Steinhardt, a theoretical physicist at Princeton University, “We’ve also learned that there must be dark matter in the cosmos, and now we’ve found that there must be dark energy.” “Therefore, the way the model works in its current iteration is that you say, “OK, you take some Big Bang, you take some inflation, you tune that to have the following attributes, and then you add a specific amount of dark matter and dark energy.” There is no theory that can explain how these things are connected.”
Steinhardt is concerned that cosmologists are conducting their research more like engineers than scientists. In the event that an observation does not correspond to the existing model, they either add a new component or modify the ones that already exist in order to make it fit. The components are not connected to one another, therefore the only need to include them is to ensure that the observations are accurate. It’s like trying to fix an old car with new parts from a different model of a more recent car that came out later. It’s possible that those components will operate in the short term, but in the long run, you’re going to require a new vehicle.
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An Ageless Universe
Steinhardt, a theoretical physicist at Harvard University, and Anna Ijjas, also a theoretical physicist at Harvard, have collaborated in recent years on an innovative new alternative to the conventional Big Bang concept.
Their theory, which they name “bouncing cosmology,” suggests that the cosmos may not have been created just once, but rather several times, each time going through unending cycles of contracting and expanding. The “big bang” is replaced by the “big bounce” in this theory, which not only overcomes many of the problems that afflict the inflation theory but also connects neatly the periods of time when the universe was contracting and expanding.
The two individuals assert that their ekpyrotic, also known as “cyclic,” hypothesis will explain not only inflation but also other riddles pertaining to the cosmos, such as dark matter, dark energy, and the reason why the universe appears to be expanding at an ever-increasing rate. [The 18 Greatest Unanswered Questions in the Field of Physics]
The theory of bouncing cosmology, which has its detractors, posits the idea that the cosmos is eternal and constantly renews itself. Because it would mean that the stars in the sky, even the oldest ones, are like short-lived fireflies in the big scheme of things, it is a possibility that is maybe even more awe-inspiring than a universe with a definite beginning and end.
According to Richard Massey, an astronomer at the California Institute of Technology, “I’d like to hope that the effort society spends into scientific study is getting us closer to fundamental truths, and not merely a way to manufacture useful instruments.” “But I’m equally scared of finding out that everything I know is wrong, and I secretly hope that I don’t,” she said. “But I’m terrified of finding out that everything I know is wrong.”
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